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Iceland is the only part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that rises above sea level , and its central volcanic plateau is erupting almost constantly. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing , one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. Iceland thus followed Norway's integration into that union, coming under Danish rule after Sweden seceded from the union in The Danish kingdom forcefully introduced Lutheranism to Iceland in In the wake of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars , Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in independence in with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland , sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark.
During the occupation of Denmark in World War II , Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in , thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark.
Although the Althing was suspended from to , the island republic has been credited with sustaining the world's oldest and longest-running parliament. Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture.
Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in ; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing. Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, [18] as well as the highest trade union membership in the world.
In , it was ranked as the fourth-most developed country in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index , [21] and it ranks first on the Global Peace Index. Iceland runs almost completely on renewable energy. Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation's Scandinavian heritage. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norse and Gaelic settlers. The country's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine , Icelandic literature , and medieval sagas. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army , with a lightly armed coast guard.
Recent archaeological excavations have revealed the ruins of a cabin in Hafnir on the Reykjanes peninsula. Carbon dating indicates that it was abandoned sometime between and The lack of arable land also served as an impetus to the settlement of Greenland starting in The Icelandic Commonwealth lasted until the 13th century when the political system devised by the original settlers proved unable to cope with the increasing power of Icelandic chieftains.
Possession of Iceland passed from the Kingdom of Norway — to the Kalmar Union in , when the kingdoms of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden were united. After the break-up of the union in , it remained a Norwegian dependency, as a part of Denmark—Norway. Infertile soil, volcanic eruptions, deforestation, and an unforgiving climate made for harsh life in a society where subsistence depended almost entirely on agriculture.
The Black Death swept Iceland twice, first in — and again in — The country subsequently became officially Lutheran, and Lutheranism has since remained the dominant religion. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Denmark imposed harsh trade restrictions on Iceland. Natural disasters, including volcanic eruptions and disease, contributed to a decreasing population. In the summer of , Barbary Pirates committed the events known locally as the Turkish Abductions , in which hundreds of residents were taken into slavery in North Africa and dozens killed; this was the only invasion in Icelandic history to have casualties.
Around a quarter of the population starved to death in the ensuing famine. In , following the Napoleonic Wars , Denmark-Norway was broken up into two separate kingdoms via the Treaty of Kiel but Iceland remained a Danish dependency. Throughout the 19th century, the country's climate continued to grow colder, resulting in mass emigration to the New World , particularly to the region of Gimli , Manitoba in Canada, which was sometimes referred to as New Iceland.
About 15, people emigrated, out of a total population of 70, A national consciousness arose in the first half of the 19th century, inspired by romantic and nationalist ideas from mainland Europe.
In , Denmark granted Iceland a constitution and limited home rule. This was expanded in , and Hannes Hafstein served as the first Minister for Iceland in the Danish cabinet. The Danish—Icelandic Act of Union , an agreement with Denmark signed on 1 December and valid for 25 years, recognised Iceland as a fully sovereign and independent state in a personal union with Denmark. The Government of Iceland established an embassy in Copenhagen and requested that Denmark carry out on its behalf certain defence and foreign affairs matters, subject to consultation with the Althing.
Danish embassies around the world displayed two coats of arms and two flags: those of the Kingdom of Denmark and those of the Kingdom of Iceland. Iceland's legal position became comparable to those of countries belonging to the Commonwealth of Nations, such as Canada, whose sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II. After the German occupation of Denmark on 9 April , the Althing replaced the King with a regent and declared that the Icelandic government would take control of its own defence and foreign affairs.
Beginning on 20 May , Icelanders voted in a four-day plebiscite on whether to terminate the personal union with Denmark, abolish the monarchy, and establish a republic. On 5 May , a defence agreement was signed with the United States. The US withdrew the last of its forces on 30 September Iceland prospered during the Second World War.
Vigdis Finnbogadottir assumed Iceland's presidency on August 1, , making her the first elected female head of state in the world.
The s were marked by the Cod Wars —several disputes with the United Kingdom over Iceland's extension of its fishing limits to nmi km offshore.
A few years later, Iceland became the first country to recognise the independence of Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania as they broke away from the USSR. Throughout the s, the country expanded its international role and developed a foreign policy orientated towards humanitarian and peacekeeping causes.
Iceland joined the European Economic Area in , after which the economy was greatly diversified and liberalised. Iceland is at the juncture of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Iceland is closer to continental Europe than to mainland North America, although it is closest to Greenland km, mi , an island of North America. Iceland is generally included in Europe for geographical, historical, political, cultural, linguistic and practical reasons. The closest bodies of land in Europe are the Faroe Islands km, mi ; Jan Mayen Island km, mi ; Shetland and the Outer Hebrides , both about km mi ; and the Scottish mainland and Orkney , both about km mi.
The nearest part of Continental Europe is mainland Norway, about km mi away, while mainland North America is 2, km 1, mi away, at the northern tip of Labrador. Iceland is the world's 18th-largest island , and Europe's second-largest island after Great Britain. The island of Ireland is third. The main island covers , km 2 39, sq mi , but the entire country is , km 2 40, sq mi in size, of which Lakes and glaciers cover Geologically, Iceland is part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge , a ridge along which the oceanic crust spreads and forms a new oceanic crust.
This part of the mid-ocean ridge is located above a mantle plume, causing Iceland to be subaerial above the surface of the sea. The ridge marks the boundary between the Eurasian and North American Plates , and Iceland was created by rifting and accretion through volcanism along the ridge. Many fjords punctuate Iceland's 4,km-long 3,mi coastline, which is also where most settlements are situated. The island's interior, the Highlands of Iceland , is a cold and uninhabitable combination of sand, mountains, and lava fields.
A geologically young land, Iceland is the surface expression of the Iceland Plateau , a large igneous province forming as a result of volcanism from the Iceland hotspot and along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge , the latter of which runs right through it. Iceland has many geysers , including Geysir , from which the English word is derived, and the famous Strokkur , which erupts every 8—10 minutes.
After a phase of inactivity, Geysir started erupting again after a series of earthquakes in Geysir has since grown quieter and does not erupt often. With the widespread availability of geothermal power and the harnessing of many rivers and waterfalls for hydroelectricity , most residents have access to inexpensive hot water, heating, and electricity.
The island is composed primarily of basalt , a low- silica lava associated with effusive volcanism as has occurred also in Hawaii. Iceland, however, has a variety of volcanic types composite and fissure , many producing more evolved lavas such as rhyolite and andesite. Iceland has hundreds of volcanoes with about 30 active volcanic systems. Surtsey , one of the youngest islands in the world, is part of Iceland. Named after Surtr , it rose above the ocean in a series of volcanic eruptions between 8 November and 5 June Another large eruption occurred on 21 May A great deal of volcanic activity was occurring in the Reykjanes Peninsula in and into , after nearly years of inactivity.
After the eruption of the Fagradalsfjall volcano on 19 March , National Geographic 's experts predicted that this "may mark the start of decades of volcanic activity. The climate of Iceland's coast is subarctic. The warm North Atlantic Current ensures generally higher annual temperatures than in most places of similar latitude in the world. Regions in the world with similar climates include the Aleutian Islands , the Alaska Peninsula , and Tierra del Fuego , although these regions are closer to the equator.
Despite its proximity to the Arctic, the island's coasts remain ice-free through the winter. Ice incursions are rare, with the last having occurred on the north coast in The climate varies between different parts of the island. Generally speaking, the south coast is warmer, wetter, and windier than the north.
The Central Highlands are the coldest part of the country. Low-lying inland areas in the north are the aridest. Snowfall in winter is more common in the north than in the south.
The highest air temperature recorded was Plantlife consists mainly of grassland, which is regularly grazed by livestock.
The most common tree native to Iceland is the northern birch Betula pubescens , which formerly formed forests over much of Iceland, along with aspens Populus tremula , rowans Sorbus aucuparia , common junipers Juniperus communis , and other smaller trees, mainly willows.
The forests were heavily exploited over the centuries for firewood and timber. Today, many farms have been abandoned.
Three-quarters of Iceland's , square kilometres 39, sq mi is affected by soil erosion; 18, km 2 6, sq mi is affected to a degree serious enough to make the land useless. The planting of new forests has increased the number of trees, but the result does not compare to the original forests. Some of the planted forests include introduced species. The only native land mammal when humans arrived was the Arctic fox , [89] which came to the island at the end of the ice age, walking over the frozen sea.
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